fashion uprising

fashion uprising

Comments on the Spring Festival. [Reprint]

Reprinted From: http://chairmanmaozedong.org

(13 February 1964)

SOURCE: Live Mao Tse-tung Thought, a publication of the Red Guards.

(Summary)

PRESIDENT target = "_blank" title = "Mao Zedong"> MAO: Today is the Spring Festival, and we are conducting a forum to discuss national issues and foreign ... Do you think our state is likely to marry or not? Imperialism and revisionism, taken together, have beaten up our borders, do [it] personalities democratic fear the atomic bomb? If the atomic bomb should explode, we just meet again in Yenan. The set of Shen-Kan-Ning Border Area had a population of 1.5 million, and the city of Yenan had 30,000. People can not respond publicly unless they are first attacked. There was a time when The Kuomintang was smarter than usual, and we denounce it publicly. Put a document using the method of restraint "exotic" parts, to restrict the Communist Party. Do you know that?

Chang Shih-chao: I do not know about it.

CHAIRMAN MAO: You are not very knowledgeable. In January 1941, the Kuomintang launched the South Anhwei incidents, in which we lost over 17,000 men. After that, there were several more high tides anti-communist He taught at [our] party a lesson. Chiang Kai-shek is not good, every time there was a possibility that tried to regiment. After the end of the war anti-Japanese, Chiang spoke of peace, and invited me to go to Chungking for negotiations, but also gave orders to abuse. During the negotiations, conducted a campaign against our party and destroyed the three divisions of Kao Shu-Hsun ..

XXX: Kao has already joined the party. People can change.

K'ang SHENG: The Emperor Hsuan T'ung has come to present their New Year's greetings (in the Political Consultative Conference).

CHAIRMAN MAO: We must unite very While the Emperor Hsuan T'ung. Both Hsuan T'ung Kuang Hsu and used to be our leaders. Hsuan T'ung monthly salary of just over one hundred yuan is too small - this man is an emperor.

Chang Shih-chao: Uncle Hsuan Tung, Tsai-T'ao, [8] is in a miserable situation.

PRESIDENT MAO: Tsai-t'ao This man is a senior military official. He was a student in France. I know him, though not intimately. Would it help you through you, so you can eat a little better? After all, he is our guest. We need to improve their standard of living.

No fun being a lackey. Nehru is in a bad state, imperialism and revisionism have stolen blind. The review is being tossed around. It was rejected in Romania, is not heard in Poland. In Cuba you hear rejected by half and half, half listening because they can not do anything because they do not produce oil or weapons. Imperialism is having a hard time, too. Japan objects to U.S., and that not only the Japanese Communist Party and the Japanese people who oppose the United States - the big capitalists are doing same. Not long ago, the Kita-iron works rejected an American inspection. De Gaulle's opposition to the United States is also a response to demands capitalists. They are also behind the establishment of diplomatic relations with China. Oppose China U.S. earlier in Beijing had Shen Chung [9], the entire country opposed U.S. imperialism. The revisionists Khrushchevite abuse us as dogmatic, pseudo-revolutionaries - that really curse. Not long ago, a letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Central Committee of Communist Party of China put forward four points: (1) The end of the controversy open, (2) The return of the experts [Soviet] [in China], (3) The discussion of the Sino-Soviet border, (4) The expansion of trade. We conversations about the border starting on 25 February. We can make a small business, but we can not do too much, for Soviet products are heavy, raw, high-priced, and always keep something in return.

Kang Sheng: The quality is inferior.

CHAIRMAN MAO: They are the first of crude, other side, lower third, and fourth to hold something back, so it's not so good to deal with them as with the French bourgeoisie, which still have some notion of business ethics.

In past mistakes have occurred in our work. The first was to give orders blindly, the second was the requisition excessive which have been corrected. Now we have moved to the opposite extreme, we have gone from giving orders blindly to any command, and as a result we are not doing everything possible. So we should emulate the Army of Liberation, we must emulate the Ministry of Oil Tach'ing [10] In the oil fields that have invested Tach'ing over -. And in the space of three years we have built an oil field production - tonnes, and a processing plant - tonnes of oil. Investment has been small, time was short, the achievements have been great, and the many writings on this subject is worth taking a look a. All ministries should learn from Ministry of Petroleum, learn from the Liberation Army, and get some good experience to be a combat brigade in relation to the enemy, and a work brigade in relation to ourselves. College students also must learn from the Liberation Army. It should make full use of its successes, created models for emulation, the widely praised, and at the same time, criticize the errors. Praise should be paramount, and criticism should be complementary. Among those working for our cause, not many good people, and many good models, which should be praised.

Last year in Hopei had major natural disasters. In the south there was a drought; Originally the harvest was good, but heavy rain was causing the loss of 20,000 million chin [approximately 12 million tons] of grain, but the year total production last increased by more than 10,000 million chin, and this year we do even better. Today we are learning from the Army Release, we are learning from the Ministry of Oil, we are learning from the models in the cities, villages, factories and schools, we are overcoming errors in our work, and trying to make our job a little better this year.

In this forum today, we discussed international issues, but our concern is fundamental internal problems. If we do not deal effectively with our internal problems, no good talking about international affairs. Currently, some countries who want to establish relations with our country like the Congo. Lumumba's Congo launched a guerrilla war, but do not have modern weapons at all - things like Black only Kuan Kung Dragon Sword Crescent, and eighteen-foot spear Chang Fei [11].

XXX: There are also arrows Huang Chung.

CHAIRMAN MAO: No more weapons of Kwan, Chang Chao and Ma Huang - who do not have modern weapons. In the past, we had none. After the Nanchang Uprising [12], we lost two divisions, then Chu, Chen I, and Lin Piao took the remains to the Chingkangshan. I do not know how to fight. In 1918 I worked in the library of Beijing University, was paid eight dollars a month and had no worry about clothing, food or shelter. Chang Shih-chao, would not be an officer of Yuan Shikai [13], so what ceased to be President of Peking University, went to Peking University to run a newspaper. Old Huang [14], you are a Constitutionalist?

HUANG YEN-P'ei: I am a revolutionary, not a constitutional expert, who participated in the T'ung Meng Hui [15].

Chang Shih-chao: It's a revolutionary.

Chairman Mao: Chen Viejo, [16] belonging to the clique of Research, Chang Shih-chao participated in the Second Revolution [17], and in 1925 he was a minister. Now all of you are going with us, involved in building the socialist new China. When I say we hope to do our job a little better this year, this is just expect the Central Committee, which is also his hope. Te-Heng Hsu, who is in charge of a ministry of industry? [18]

XXX: A great hope for his ministry.

CHAIRMAN MAO: Antigua Huang, his family seems to include every possible advantage and factions - the Democratic League, the Association for the Promotion of Democracy [19], the Communist Youth League. The poem of his son Huang Wan-II, entitled "Best Husband is very well written. I admire him. There a member of the Society on September third, who also writes good poetry. I admire him too. You do not know ten-odd children very well, you're like Kuo Tzu-i [20].

All ministries should learn from the Liberation Army, established a department policy, and strengthen their political work. Achievements should be encouraged to establish workers model for emulation, the widely praised, and at the same time, criticize the errors. Praise should be paramount, and criticism should be complementary. Among those working for our cause there are many good people and good things, there are many good models to praise.

Today I want to talk to you about the problem of education. It has advanced in the industry, and it should have the same changes in education as well. The current situation is not enough. In my opinion, the line orientation [Fang-chen] in education are correct, but the methods are incorrect and should be changed. Here are comrades of the Central Committee, co from within the Party, the non-party partners, fellow of the Academy of Sciences. XXX comrade will give a talk now.

XXX: Currently, a urgent problem in the field of education is the education system, ie that the expected duration of studies is excessive. At present, children start school at the age of seven years and spent six years in primary school, six years in middle school, and in some cases six years at university, usually five, making the seventeen or eighteen. Graduating from college only to the age of twenty or twenty-five years, then engaged workmanship for one year, and then undergo a further period of one year of training in the workplace, so that eventually come out [of the process] when are twenty-six or twenty-seven. These are two or three years longer than it takes in the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, elementary and middle school a period of ten years and college for four or five, so that at twenty-three or twenty-four occupying a seat and start working. In the study humanities, there is not much growing problem about students is too old. In the case of natural sciences manifestly [stay in school] for a long time. This is particularly true of the science of atomic energy, with the most advanced sciences, students are too old when they graduate. Based on the experience of all countries in the world, it is possible to make a contribution to science by the time you reach the age of twenty or twenty-five years. For example, in the United States and the Soviet Union, which have achieved some success in its favor in the natural sciences in the field of atomic energy, are commonly twenty-four or twenty-five years. At that age, the brain function more effectively, but at this age students are still in college, and have not had back and started work. Begin to work only twenty-six or twenty, it is not advantageous to the development of science. The expected course duration is extremely great that mast reflect on educational system! on.

CHAIRMAN MAO: The enrollment period should be reduced slightly.

XXX: XX Comrade recently had an idea: there must be five years of primary school and four years of middle school, so students graduate from middle school at sixteen. If there were six years of primary school, who graduate from middle school at seventeen. The problem is that facilities for education above is insufficient, each year, universities take only 120,000 or 130,000 students, or 150,000 abroad. Others may begin work at age sixteen. They could receive two years of training after graduating from middle school, and then at eighteen could go to work in factories or villages, so they would be more in touch with [the fact]. Or they could attend two years of preparatory courses, thus establishing links with the university, and begin work within twenty-four or twenty-five years. In one word, studies need to be shortened a bit. Currently, the Central Committee has established a small group [Hsiao-tsu] under the leadership of Comrade XX, especially to study the issue of education.

If we adopt this suggestion to improve our education Nationally, students can graduate in general, fifteen or sixteen. There are, however, a problem - that of military service. That would be too young for this, but may receive previous training.

Chairman Mao: That's not important, those who are not old enough for military service may also experience military life. Not only male students, but students can perform military service. We can form a Red Detachment of Women. Sixteen girls or seventeen years old can also enjoy six months to a year of military life, and the seventeen years that can also serve as soldiers.

XXX: Thus, the problem of schools teaching literary themes is not so great. The trouble with science and engineering faculties are somewhat larger. Universities have preparatory courses for one or two years after graduating from middle school, students can go to college preparation courses, or enter a school vocational training, and after two years of training that can go to work in a factory or field, at eighteen, so it will be relatively contact [in reality]. If engineering study will also be relatively in touch when they graduate at twenty or twenty may occupy a position and start working.

CHAIRMAN MAO: Currently, there is too much ongoing study, and this is extremely harmful. There are also many issues today, and load is too heavy, it becomes secondary and university students in a constant state of tension. The cases of myopia among students constantly multiply and primacy of the middle school. This will not be allowed to go to change.

XXX: The topics covered by the curriculum are too many and too complicated. Many former teachers have remained at their posts. Students are not able to bear, but extremely tense, and have no extra-curricular activities, and no time for extracurricular reading.

CHAIRMAN MAO: The syllabus should be chopped in half. Students must have time for recreation, swimming, playing ball, and read freely outside of their course work. Confucius professed only six arts - ritual, music, archery, driving cars, poetry and history - but produced four sages: Yen Hui Tseng-tzu, Lu Tzu and Mencius. It will not do for students only to read books all day, and not to go in cultural activities, physical education and swimming, for not being able to run, or to read things out of their courses, etc.

XXX: The students are very tense. When I'm home the children say, what is the point of getting the highest score in all things?

CHAIRMAN MAO: Throughout history, very few of those who came first in the imperial examination have achieved great fame. The famous Tang dynasty poet Li Po and Tu Fu were neither chin-shih and Lin Han. [21] Han Yu and Liu Tsungyilan [22] only chin-shih of the second row. Wang Shih-fu, Kuan Han-ch'ing, [23] The Kuan-chung, [24] Pu Sung-ling, Tsao Hsueh-ch'in had neither the chin-shih or Han-lin. Pu Sung-ling was siu-Ts'ai one who received the promotion, I wanted to go to the next higher category, but it was not Chu-jen [25]. None of those who became on the chin-shih or Han-lin had success. Only two of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty did well, Tai-tsu and Ch'eng-tsu. One of them was illiterate, and the other only knew a few characters. Afterwards, however, in the reign of Chia-ch'ing, when intellectuals were in power, things were in disrepair, the country was in disarray. [26] Han Wu Ti and Li Hou-chu [27] is widely cultivated, and ruined the country. Clearly it is dangerous to read too many books. Liu Hsui was an academic, while Liu Pang was a country bumpkin. [28]

XXX: There is too much in the curriculum, and too many years to deliver, students may not reflect in independent. The current method of review ....

Chairman Mao: Our current method of examinations is a method for dealing with the enemy not a method for dealing with people. This is a method of attack by surprise, making oblique or strange questions. This is still the same method as the old test eight legs. I do not agree to this. Should be changed. I support the publication of the questions in advance and let the students study them and respond with the help of books. For example, if you put twenty questions about the Dream of the Red, and some students half of them answer and respond to them as well, and some of the answers are very good and contain creative ideas, then one can give 100 percent. If other students to answer all twenty questions and answer them correctly, but their response simply reciting from his books and lectures, without any creative ideas, they should give 50 or 60 percent. On tests by whispering in the ears of others and taking the places of others should be allowed. If your answer is good, copy it, then mine should be counted as good. Whispering in the ears of others and taking exams in the names of other persons was done in secret. That now is done openly. If I can not do something and write down the answer, then copy, this is correct. Let's give it a try. We do things in a living, not in a lifeless fashion. There are teachers who wander and when conference, but must allow students to sleep. If your reading is not good, why do you insist that others listen? Instead of keeping your eyes open and listen to boring lectures, it is better sleep a little refreshing. You do not have to listen to the nonsense, you can rest your brain instead.

XXX: If you shorten the period of schooling, There will be time to participate in work or military service. We can also consider outstanding students skip a grade, we have to keep them in the same place forever. In the same degree that my son is a classmate who was originally an outstanding student then took a degree, and still a student outstanding. Thus we see that it is possible to skip grades. Comrade XX calls to organize a small group to carry out a thorough study of this problem the school system.

CHAIRMAN MAO: Let XX and XXX participate in this small group. Today we are making things too lifeless way. There is too much in the curriculum and examinations are carried out in a too rigid. I can not approve this. The current method of education and young talent ruins ruins. I do not approve of reading many books. The examination method is a method for dealing with the enemy, it is very harmful and must be stopped.

XXX: Currently, the head of the Department of Education has convened a meeting in which two issues are being considered: one is for students to the load is too heavy, and it is the task in each subject: the second is there are three educational systems, those of Confucius, the Soviets, and Dewey.

CHAIRMAN MAO: Confucius was not really so. We left out the mainstream Confucianism. He had only six topics: ritual, music, archery, driving cars, "shu" and mathematics. (Chairman Mao XXX asked whether "shu" meaning calligraphy or history.) [29]

XXX: Means calligraphy.

CHAIRMAN MAO: It means history. As in the Han Shu or Shu Ching. [30]

XXX: Currently, high school students continue their studies take as their sole objective. After graduate, they are unwilling to participate in the work, which is a big question, and must be solved. We need to implement the union of education and work production and, furthermore, we also have to walk on two legs [31] last year. floods in Hopei, and the Department of Education was under great stress. Many buildings collapsed and had to create simple schools the best they could. As a result, the number of primary and secondary students increased.

CHAIRMAN MAO: The flood wrapped dogmatism. We must get rid of dogmas, both foreign and indigenous.

XXX: Other places that have been regularized, and introduced the teaching of all in a class, and not separately by subject. The number of students has decreased and the number of poor and lower-middle peasants has declined, many poor and lower middle peasants do not continue their studies. In the province of Hopei have some good experience. In Hsin-hui hsien in Kwangtung Province, have been investigated agricultural schools ten foreign media, and ordinary middle schools. In a common school, the state spends 120 yuan a year on each student, while in a holding middle school setting to spend only 6.80 yuan per year per student. No problem at all about the graduates of an agricultural high school fill a job, whereas if a graduate of an ordinary middle school does not succeed in entrance examinations to college, there is great difficulty on placement him in employment. Therefore, primary and secondary schools all must walk on two legs. At the same time, we must pay attention to quality improvement. Previously, everything was done according to Soviet methods, but in 1958 there was a knock on this, and actually increased supply of labor, but the study was neglected turn, but now that things have been more upset that it's okay. The same goes for literature and art, the level is relatively high now, but if there had been 1958, we would not have achieved our current level [32].

CHAIRMAN MAO: You must manage actors, poets, playwrights and writers of the cities, and pack them all off in rural areas. Must be periodically in batches all the people and factories. We must not let the writers stay in government offices, but never nothing in writing, if not go down. He who does not get down dinner, and only when they go down will be fed.

XXX: Currently, there is little two percent from the bad elements in primary and secondary teachers, and there are also notoriously bad elements among the students of secondary and primary.

Chairman Mao: That does not matter, they can change jobs.

XXX: Currently, the worst students go to regular school, good students go to engineering. From now on, we might think not to take graduates of senior middle school normal school directly or faculties of letters, but accepting only high school graduates who participated in the job for a year or two. Students of science also must come down. Have some experience in XX School in Harbin, they send to teachers down for a year or two. Which originally were not so good are all pretty good when returning from work, become part of the base.

PRESIDENT MAO: You must go down. Currently, there are some people who do not give much importance to going to work in the field. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shih-chen [33] went back and there, and climbed into the mountains to gather herbs. Chung-Chih Tsu [34] never went to middle school or college. Confucius was a poor peasant family, herding sheep, and never attended high school or college either. He was a musician, he did all sorts of things. When someone had a death in the family, would be invited to play at the funeral. May also have been an accountant. He could play the ch'in [35] and driving a car, riding and shooting with bow and arrow. "Yu" means driving a chariot. That is like being the driver of a car produced seventy-two wise, like Yen Hui and Tseng Tzu, "and had 3,000 disciples in his youth. he came from the masses, and understand some of the suffering of the masses. He later became an officer in the state of Lu, although not a high official. Lu's population was more than one million, and for a long time people looked at him. When he traveled to different countries, people cursed him. This person likes to speak frankly, and said had not experienced poverty, and could not bear the insults. Later, Lu Tzu Confucius served as bodyguards, and do not let people speak ill of Confucius but would beat anyone who opened his mouth. From this moment on, no more unpleasant sound entered his ears, and the masses did not dare to approach him. We must not ignore the Confucian tradition. Our general policy is correct, but our methods are incorrect. There are very few problems regarding current school system, curriculum, teaching methods and inspection methods, and all this must be changed. Them! People are extremely destructive.

XXX: You can get by with five years of primary school.

CHAIRMAN MAO: primary school should not be too long, either. Gorky was only two years of primary school, their learning was all self taught. Franklin of America was originally a newspaper, however, found electricity. Watt was a worker, however, he invented the steam engine. Both ancient and modern times in China and abroad, many scientists training in the course of practice.

XX: When the school system has been reformed in the future, students will be able to occupy a position to reach the age of twenty-three or twenty-four. Seven is quite an advanced age for starting school, we can present to six. There is a problem with buildings, but if the changes to primary school five years, we can drop some. After four years of middle school, and one or two years of college preparatory course. Given the different nature of the various courses in college, you can diversify, and take in 140,000 or 150,000 students each year for a preparatory course of one or two years.

XXX: Before entering college, it can make a point and go to work in a factory or a village.

CHAIRMAN MAO: You can also go to the army for training.

XX: This is good with regard to literary subjects, but physics is not the problem of the use of mathematics, and if they work for two years could I forget.

XX: The Soviet Union to work for two years after graduating from middle school, and then enter in the faculties of physics and chemistry, which will not lead directly.

XX: With the exception of some special schools, the universities are divided into three Course lengths: six years, especially for medicine, five years for engineering and four years for literary themes. In most cases courses college, four years is enough. In the future, the system should be diversified, it should be different lengths of course. In cities, there must be two types of schools intermediate, one leading to college, and another where students graduate in two years after entering specialist training.

CHAIRMAN MAO: Yes, we have to diversify.

XX: The main problem with the curriculum is the lack of centralization, and there are also problems we have studied in the above subjects, many studied several times each semester there are eight or nine subjects to study, there are many tests, and this creates a great tension.

CHAIRMAN MAO: Today, first, there are also many kinds, secondly, there are too many books. The pressure is too great. There are some issues that need examined. For example, it is necessary to examine the little logic and grammar learned in middle school. real understanding should be acquired gradually through work experience. It's enough to know what logic and grammar.

XX: Today everything is getting, mechanical memorization and recitation.

XXX: There are two schools of thought today. One school advocates the teaching of subjects in depth, while the other defenders who taught broadly speaking, the teaching of how to master the subjects, although somewhat less education. Currently, many schools follow the first pattern, but is not is true that this will not work. As an advocate for doing things this way, it freezes thought.

CHAIRMAN MAO: This is scholasticism. Annotations the Four Books and Five Classics are too school and today have become completely digestible. Scholastic inevitably die. For example, the study classics too many comments were written, but have now disappeared. I think that students trained by this method, no matter whether it is in China, in America or Soviet Union, everything disappears, everything will move toward their opposites. The same applies to the Buddhist classics, of which there are many. The version of the Diamond Sutra edited by Hsuan-tsang [36] of the Tang Dynasty has been simplified in comparison, only a thousand-odd words, and still exists. Another version, published by Kumarajiva, [37] was too long, and is extinguished. Not the Five Classics and the Thirteen Classics also come down the road? They have been very heavily annotated, and as a result nobody reads. In the XIV and XV are presented in the scholastic philosophy, only in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries made [the world] to enter the Age of Enlightenment and the Renaissance site. We must not read many books. Marxist books we read, but not many of them either. Will be sufficient to read a dozen or so. If we read many we move towards our opponents, bookworms become dogmatic, the revisionists. In the writings of Confucius, there is nothing in agriculture. Because of this, members of their students were not accustomed to working, and could not distinguish between the five grains. We must do something about it.

XXX: There is another issue, it is a political issue, that of feeding the students, who must be improved. Each student eats food cost 12.5 yuan per month. We have to move other 40 million yuan.

CHAIRMAN MAO: It's OK to spend another 40 billion yuan.

XXX: We should increase from 2 to 4 yuan [38].

PRESIDENT MAO: If you read many books, that freezes your mind in the final. Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty did pretty well in its early years, then read many books, and did so well any more. Died of hunger in Ch'eng Tai [39].

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Notes
[1]. Spring Festival is the day of New Year in Chinese lunar calendar.

[2]. The term "democratic parties" often referred to in the literature of the CCP, especially in the front work, refers specifically to a small group of political parties which were made in most of the members of the national bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie democratic and patriotic "characters." (These were distinguished from " democratic personages without party affiliation. ") These political parties were not considered in the proletarian class identity or inherently inclined socialist revolution. However, had been developed in the period of New Democratic Revolution, and to varying degrees of intensity, aligned with the CPC in the struggle for the socialist transformation of China, and strengthen China's interests vis-à-vis the imperialist invasion. Institutions in 1949 and 1954, provides the participation of "democratic personages, not affiliated with any party, in political life. The most famous of these was Sung Ching-ling, widow Sun Yat-sen. Some of the non-Communist present at the Forum in February of 1964 belonged to this category, other representatives of minority parties.

[3]. The Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia was the revolutionary base area was gradually built up after 1931 by revolutionary guerrilla warfare in northern Shensi. When the Central Red Army arrived in northern Shensi after the Long March became the central core area of the Revolution and the headquarters of the Central Committee of Chinese Communist Party. He was named the Shensi-Kansu Ningsia after the formation of the Anti-Japanese National United Front in 1937 and included twenty-three counties along the common borders of three provinces.

[4]. The "Measures for Restricting the Activities of Alien Parties" secret is issued by the central authorities of the Kuomintang in 1939. They imposed severe restrictions on the communist and all other forward-thinking talk, and action to disrupt the entire anti-Japanese organizations of people. It also stipulates that in places where in the opinion of the Kuomintang, the Communists were the most active " the "law of collective responsibility and collective punishment" was to be enforced and a "network information, or Secret Service counter-revolutionary, would be generally established within organizations Pao-chia. Chia Pao and were then the basic administrative units of the Fascist regime of the Kuomintang. Ten families formed a Chia Chia and ten pao.

[5]. Chang Shih-chao (1881-1973) had been active in the revolutionary movement as a journalist since the early twentieth century. It was clear that one of Mao to the non-party "democratic personality" was driving his opening speech.

[6]. On October 30, 1945 Kao Shu-hsun, deputy commander of Zone 11 of the Kuomintang war, rose in the civil war front Hantan, Hopei southern province, and came to our side with a body and a column. This had a great influence throughout the country. To intensify the work of dividing and disintegrating the Kuomintang troops, and arousing them to revolt, the Central Committee Communist Party of China decided to launch a propaganda campaign calling other officials of the Kuomintang and men to follow the example of Kao Shu-hsun and troops refused to attack the Liberated Areas, the sabotage of the civil war in the front, fraternizing with the People's Liberation Army, an increase of the revolt and come to side of the people. This was known as Shu-Hsun Kao movement. Then Kuomintang turned in Kao and broke his strength.

[7]. Both the Emperor Kuang Hsu (reigned 1875-1908) and his successor, Emperor Hsuan Tung had occupied the throne during the life of Mao.

[8]. Tsai-T'ao had control of the imperial guards at the time of the 1911 revolution. Was considered, during the last years of the dynasty, as one of the most liberal-minded among the members of the imperial clan.

[9]. On December 24, 1946, Shen Chung, a student at the University of Peiping, was raped by a U.S. marine. This incident led to protests widespread anti-American by students in many Chinese cities, and demands for immediate withdrawal of all U.S. military forces.

[10.] In 1964, Mao launched the slogan, "In the industry learn from Tach'ing, agriculture Tachai learn ', and since then both have been generally considered as "Maoist" models. Here Mao Oil Ministry claims to the achievements of the oil fields in Heilungkiang Tach'ing Province.

[11.] Kuan Yu (also known as Kuan Kung, the god of war) and Chang Fei were the two main partners of weapons of Liu Pei, the founder of the Shu Han dynasty, d during the Three Kingdoms in the third century AD In the Romance of Three Kingdoms, the famous novel that are described as wielding the weapons referred to here. Huang Chung, Chao [Yun], and Ma [His] were the other three of Liu Pei "'Five Tiger General. Although Liu Pei, like its two rivals, said he was the rightful ruler throughout the empire, the territory actually controlled by it was mostly that of the Kingdom of Shu, focusing on present-day Sichuan, where Mao and his comrades were gathered.

[12.] Nanchang, capital of Kiangsi Province, was the scene of the revolt known on August 1, 1927 led by the Communist Party of China to combat counter Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei and continue the revolution of 1924 - 27. More than thirty thousand troops took part in the uprising which was led by Chou En-iai colleagues, Chu, Lung, and Yell Ho Ting. The rebel army withdrew from Nanchang on August 5 as planned, but suffered a defeat when approaching Chaochow and Shantou in Kwangtung. Led by Comrades Chu and Chen Yi, part of the troops later found its way to the mountains Chingkang and joined forces with the First Division of the 'First Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army with Comrade Mao Tse-tung.

[13.] Yuan Shi-kai was the head of the Northern warlords the last years of the Ching Dynasty. After the Ching Dynasty was overthrown by the Revolution of 1911, which usurped the Presidency of the Republic and organized the first government of the Northern warlords, which represents large landowners and large classes of buyers. He did so by relying on armed force counter and with the support of the imperialists and taking advantage of the conciliatory nature of the bourgeoisie, who was then leader of the revolution. In 1915 he wanted to become emperor and to win supported by the Japanese imperialists to accept the Twenty demands which Japan aimed to obtain exclusive control of all China. In December of that year a survey against his taking the throne took place in the province of Yunnan and quickly gained national response and support. Yuan Shi-kai died in Beijing in June 1916.

[14.] Huang Yen-P'ei, an advocate of American-style training, was a leading figure in the League Republic during the civil war of 1944-9, and Minister of Light Industry from 1949 to 1954. In 1964 he was Chairman of China Democratic National Construction Association, besides being a member of the Standing Committee Democratic League.

[15.] In 1894, Dr. Sun Yat-sen formed a small revolutionary organization in Honolulu called Hsing Chung Hui (Society for Regeneration of China). With the support of secret societies among the people, he staged two armed uprisings against the government Kwangtung Province Ching after his defeat in Sino-Japanese war in 1895, one in Guangzhou in 1895 and another in Huichow in 1900.

Tung Meng Hui, or Chinese Revolutionary League (an organization facing kingdom of the bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie and a section of the landed gentry opposed to the government Ching), was formed in 1905 through the merger of Hsing Chung Hui and two other groups, the Hua Hsing Hui (Society for Regenerating China) and Kuang Fu Hui (Society to break the yoke of Foreign Affairs). Presented a program of the bourgeois revolution, calling for "the expulsion of the Tartars (Manchu), the recovery of China, the establishment of a republic and equal ownership of land. "In the period of the Revolutionary League of China, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, ally with secret societies and a part of the New Army Ching government, launched a series of armed uprisings against the Qing dynasty, in particular those of Pinghsiang (Kiangsi Province), Liuyang and Liling (province Humans) in 1906, and Chinchou Chaochow Huangkang (Kwangtung Province), and Chennankuan (Kwangsi Province) in 1907 Hokou (Yunnan Province) in 1908 and in Guangzhou in 1911. The latter was followed in the self for Lifting Wuchnag which resulted in the overthrow of the Ching dynasty.

[16.] Old Chen is apparently Chen Shu-t'ung, President of the China Federation of Industry and Trade since 1953. Both the "old Huang" and "Old Chen were well" democratic people who had worked with the new regime since 1949.

[17.] The "Second Revolution was the attempt in 1913 by forces under the leadership of Ts'ai Ao, to overthrow Yuan Shikai and stop the removal of genuine Republicanism toward a restoration of the monarchy. Moreover, the government of Chang Shih-chao was a minister in 1925 was the regime dominated by warlords in Beijing, Mao deliberately mentioned these two contrasting episodes in Chang Shih-chao life, to evoke the wide range of experiences through which his generation has gone in search of an answer to the problems of China.

[18.] Hsu Te-heng (1895 -) was a student leader in the May Fourth Movement. He was Chairman of the Chiu-san (September Third) Society are listed below Mao, since its founding in 1945. (The Society, named after the Japanese surrender date, is one of the minority parties involved in the front). The "Ministry of Industry about Mao question here at the Ministry of Aquatic Products, which Hsu had since 1956.

[19.] Association for the Promotion of Democracy was another minority party, originally founded in Shanghai in 1945, which includes mainly the intellectuals in their ranks.

[20.] Kuo Tzu-i (six hundred ninety-seven to seven hundred eighty-one), a famous Tang Dynasty general, had eight children and seven children, in-laws, grandchildren and great-grandchildren are reported to have been so numerous that he could not recognize them, and had to be content with reverence when they came to pay their respects.

[21]. Chin-shih, a candidate at the highest level ("Metropolitan" followed by "palace") tests, according to the examination system adopted by dynasties autocractic of China. It is a method used by the feudal ruling class for the selection of personnel to govern the people and also to attract intellectuals. The system, which dates back seventh century, lasted until the early 20. Han-lin, a member of the Han-lin Academy, which was converted from Ming times the preserve of who had achieved special distinction in the palace examinations.

[22.] Han Yu (768-824) and Liu Tsung-ynan (773-819) were friends and contemporaries, distinguished poets and essayists who experienced both periods of exile in the course of their official careers. Han Yu particular is considered one of the greatest writers prose in the history of China, as a student in Changsha, Mao taught to take it as a model essay writing.

[23.] Fu and Wang Shih-ch'ing Kuan Han-is celebrated playwrights of the Yuan dynasty, which flourished at the end of the thirteenth century. Wang is the author of the History of the Western Chamber.

[24.] The Kuan-chung (14 century AD) was the author of Romance of Three Kingdoms, the historical novel. Pu Sung-ling (born 1622) is known for its famous collection of tales of the supernatural.

[25.] Hsiu-Ts'ai, literalism "grown talent ', the popular name for a candidate in examinations or lower than the prefecture, most well known a-yuan shen or "licensed." Although "promotion was' please the rank of imperial master's degree, failed to pass the stage immediately above the appropriate control system, the provincial examination, and therefore not get the title for chu-jen ("chosen man") or the opportunity to take the examination metropolitan.

[26.] Ming Tai-tsu, the founder of the dynasty, reigned from 1368 to 1399, Ch'eng-tsu, the third dynasty emperor, reigned from 1403 to 1425. The Chia-ch'ing reign lasted from 1522 to 1567.

[27.] Han Wu Ti, the emperor "Marcial" Han Dynasty, reigned from 140 to 86 A. C.

[28.] Liu Hsiu (4 BC-57 AD) overthrew the usurper Wang Mang in 25 and founded the dynasty Later Han (or Eastern Han). Liu Pang (247-195 BC), founder of the original Han Dynasty in 206 BC

[29.] The character shu reading can be a noun, ie, book or written document (in this case, a book of history) or a verb meaning to write, especially in the sense of writing a fine hand. Normally the Confucius list of six issues or the arts, takes on the meaning of the calligraphy.

[30.] The Shu Ching ("Classical History") is one of the " Thirteen Classics ", together with the Analects of Confucius, the Book of Odes, etc. Shu Han is the standard history of the Han Dynasty

[31.] "The walking on two legs "was one of the main slogans of the Great Leap Forward of 1958-9. It is used especially in relation to economic development, to characterize a policy that combines large-scale technology and the use of modern small-scale indigenous methods. Is used here to suggest a similar approach to education, combing the schools (mainly in cities), with modern equipment and a curriculum developed with the simplest and most elementary schools adapted to the needs and possibilities in the field.

[32.] XXX whoever offers only a rather tepid defense of the policies of the "Great Leap" degradation of the experience, he says, although useful as a corrective to the technocratic Soviet-style attitudes prevailing before, has gone too far, and would have led to unfortunate results that the pendulum had not moved again. Its emphasis contracts sharply with Comrade Mao Tse-tung in the next paragraph.

[33.] Li Shih-chen (from 1518 to 1598) was the author of Pen'ts'ao kang mu (Index of roots and herbs), a treaty over list 1,000 plants useful for medicinal purposes.

[34.] A tenth-century mathematician.

[35.] A stringed instrument similar to a lute, ability in the game was part of the general culture of the literati expected.

[36.] On his return to China in 645, after a sixteen-year pilgrimage to India, where he brought a number of Buddhist scriptures, the monk Huan-Tsang (602-64) presided over the translation of not less than 1,338 chapters throughout the years left on his fife.

[37.] Kumarajiva (350-413), a Buddhist scholar who had studied in Kashmir, was brought to the imperial capital of Ch'ang-an at 401, and put in charge of the translation of Buddhist scriptures. These versions, the best of their time, were later replaced by translations "new" of Hsuan-tsang and his successors, not its length, but they were not accurate enough.

[38.] Obviously, the figure of 40 billion yuan bill concerns annual total for subsistence, while the number of 2 to 4 yuan indicates a corresponding increase in the monthly amount per student. According to best estimates, were not, at this time, about three quarters of a million students in Chinese institutions of higher education. Thus, the two figures are more or less coherent.

[39.] Hsiao Yen (464-549) occupied Nanjing, in 501 and was proclaimed the first emperor of the Liang dynasty in the following year. A student of Buddhism and lover books, was unable to implement their good intentions through management reform. When Ch'eng Tai fell to a rebel ally in 549, was allowed, to die of hunger and desperation in a monastery which had been withdrawn.

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